Koperasi adalah badan usaha yang beranggotakan orang atau badan hukum koperasi dengan melandaskan kegiatannya berdasarkan prinsip koperasi sekaligus sebagai gerakan ekonomi rakyat yang berdasarkan atas asas kekeluargaan.
Dari definisi tersebut terdapat koperasi yang para anggotanya terdiri dari orang seorang yang disebut koperasi primer dan koperasi yang beranggotakan badan-badan hukum koperasi yang disebut koperasi sekunder. Baik koperasi primer maupun koperasi sekunder merupakan badan hukum.
2. Pengaturan
Usaha koperasi (cooperative) diatur dalam UU No. 12 Tahun 1992 tentang Perkoperasiaan. Undang-Undang tersebut dibuat mengacu terutama pada Pasal 33 ayat (1) UUD 1945 yang menentukan bahwa perekonomian Indonesia disusun sebagai usaha bersama berdasarkan asas kekeluargaan. Dalam penjelasan Pasal 33 ayat (1) Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 tersebut ditambahkan bahwa kemakmuran masyarakatlah yang diutamakan, bukan kemakmuran orang seorang. Dan bangun perusahaan yang sesuai dengan itu adalah koperasi.
3. Pendirian
Untuk mendirikan sebuah koperasi primer dibutuhkan sekurang-kurangnya 20 (dua puluh) orang sebagai anggota. Dan untuk mendirikan sebuah koperasi sekunder sekurang-kurangnya terdapat tiga koperasi :
a. Daftar nama pendiri
b. Nama dan tempat kedudukan
c. Maksud dan tujuan serta bidang usaha
d. Ketentuan mengenai keanggotaan
e. Ketentuan mengenai rapat anggota
f. Ketentuan mengenai pengelolaan
g. Ketentuan mengenai permodalan
h. Ketentuan mengenai jangka waktu berdirinya
i. Ketentuan mengenai pembagian sisa hasil usaha
j. Ketentuan mengenai sanksi.
Akta pendirian tersebut diperlukan juga untuk mendapatkan pengesahan badan hukum koperasi, yang perlu dimintakan secara tertulis kepada Pemerintah. Untuk mendapatkan pengesahan status badan hukum koperasi, para pendiri mengajukan permintaan tertulis disertai atau pendirian koperasi. Pengesahaan tersebut diberikan dalam jangka waktu tiga waktu tiga bulan setelah diterimanya permintaan pengesahaan. Jangka waktu yang sama juga diberikan kepada pemerintah untuk memberitahukan secara tertulis kepada pendiri koperasi apabila terjadi penolakan. Selanjutnya pengesahan pemerintah tersebut diumumkan dalam Berita Negara. Dan sama halnya juga dengan bentuk usaha lainnya koperasi harus didaftarkan sesuai dengan undang-undang wajib daftar perusahaan dan diurus berbagai perizinan operasional usaha.
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