a, an , the

Pengunaan a, an dan the
Sebagai article, ‘a’ dan ‘an’ artinya adalah satu. Dalam bahasa Indonesia, kedua artcle ini dapat diterjemahkan menjadi sebuah/seorang/seekor/sehelai. hal ini tergantung dari noun yang mengikutinya. Misalnya :
• an apple
• a lady
Artikel ‘a’ digunakan jika noun yang mngikutinya konsonan, sedangkanarticle ‘an’ digunakan jika noun yang mengikutinya berbunyi huruf vokal. Penggunaan kedua artice ini tergantung pada pelafalan (pronounciation) dibagian awal dari noun tersebut, bukan tergantung penulisannya. Misalnya :
• Please give me a cup of coffee.
• There is an apple in the table.
The umumnya digunakan untuk merujuk noun yang sudah pernah disebutkan sebelumnya. Dengan adanya the, noun yang dimaksud menjadi lebih spesifik. Misalnya :
• The water in my well is cotaminated.
• Jason father bought him the bicycle that he had wanted for his birthday.
Refensi : http://swarabhaskara.com
A, An or The?
When do we say "the dog" and when do we say "a dog"? (On this page we talk only about singular, countable nouns.)
The and a/an are called "articles". We divide them into "definite" and "indefinite" like this:
Articles
Definite Indefinite
the a, an
We use "definite" to mean sure, certain. "Definite" is particular.
We use "indefinite" to mean not sure, not certain. "Indefinite" is general.
When we are talking about one thing in particular, we use the. When we are talking about one thing in general, we use a or an.
Think of the sky at night. In the sky we see 1 moon and millions of stars. So normally we would say:
• I saw the moon last night.
• I saw a star last night.
Look at these examples:
The a, an
• The capital of France is Paris.
• I have found the book that I lost.
• Have you cleaned the car?
• There are six eggs in the fridge.
• Please switch off the TV when you finish. • I was born in a town.
• John had an omelette for lunch.
• James Bond ordered a drink.
• We want to buy an umbrella.
• Have you got a pen?
Of course, often we can use the or a/an for the same word. It depends on the situation, not the word. Look at these examples:
• We want to buy an umbrella. (Any umbrella, not a particular umbrella.)
• Where is the umbrella? (We already have an umbrella. We are looking for our umbrella, a particular umbrella.)

Didalam bahasa Inggris dikenal dua jenis artikel, yakni artikel tidak tentu (indefinite article) yakni ‘a’, ‘an’. Kemudian artikel tertentu (definite article) yakni ‘The’. Kedua-duanya apabila direkatkan pada suatu kata benda maka konteksnya akan berubah, dimana artikel tidak tentu digunakan untuk merujuk pada suatu benda umum, yang mana kita tidak memberikan penekanan apa-apa pada kata benda tersebut.

Contoh:

A man sitting at bench (seorang pria duduk di bangku)
pada kalimat diatas kata ‘pria’ tersebut tidak diberikan penekanan apa-apa.

Contoh lagi:
A man sitting at bench, THE man is fat. (seorang pria duduk di bangku, pria itu sangat gemuk)
Pada kalimat yang kedua ini, kata THE digunakan karena memberikan penekanan pada pria itu bahwa ia gemuk.

Artikel tidak tentu (indefinite article)Artikel tidak tentu dalam bahasa Inggris adalah a, an. Keduanya digunakan tergantung pada kata sifat/benda yang menyertainya. Apabila kata sifat/benda itu berawalan huruf mati, atau huruf vokal yang dibunyikan seperti huruf mati, maka artikel ‘a’ digunakan.
Contoh:

• a computer
• a student
• a university
• a European

Sedangkan an digunakan apabila kata sifat/benda yang
menyertainya adalah berawalan vokal atau konsonan yang dibunyikan vokal:

• an hour
• an ear
• an Islamic Law

Kata sandang ‘an’ digunakan pula untuk singkatan, atau huruf yang berdiri sendiri:
• an X
• an MP3
• an KGB

Catatan:
1. Artikel a, an hanya digunakan untuk kata benda yang dapat dihitung (countable), jadi kata benda uncountable seperti sugar, sand, physics, mathematics tidak bisa diberikan artikel a, an.
2. Jangan gunakan artikel a, an pada kata frasa/kata benda JAMAK! kita tidak bisa mengatakan ‘a computers’ atau ‘a men’. Cukup katakan ‘computers’ atau ‘men’ saja.

Artikel Tertentu (Definite Article)
Artikel the digunakan tanpa memandang huruf awalan dari kata sifat/benda yang menyertainya.

Kegunaan Artikel Tertentu:
1. Digunakan pada frasa yang memiliki bilangan cardinal:
• The second year of boycott (tahun kedua dari pemboikotan)
• The third lesson (pelajaran ketiga)

tugas 2

Exercise 11 : Subject-Verb Agreement

1. Neither Bill nor Mary ( are ) going to the play tonight.

2. Anything ( are ) better than going to another movie tonight.

3. Skating ( are ) becoming more popular everyday.

4. A number of reporters ( were ) at the conference yesterday.

5. Everybody who ( has ) a fever must go home immediately.

6. Your glasses ( was ) on the bureau last nigth.

7. There ( was ) some people at the meeting last night.

8. The committee ( has ) already reached a decision.

9. A pair of jeans ( was\ ) in the wahsing machine this morning.

10. Each student ( has ) answered the first three question.

11. Either Jhon or his wife ( makes ) breakfast each morning.

12. After she had perused the material, the secretary decided that everything ( were ) in order.

13. The crowd at the basketball game ( was ) wild with excitement.

14. A pack of wild dogs ( have ) frightened all the ducks a way.

15. The jury ( are ) trying to reach a decision.

16. The army ( has ) eliminated this section of the training test.

17. The number of student who have withdrawn from class this quarter ( are ) appalling.

18. There ( have ) been to many interruptions in this class.

19. Every elementary school teacher ( has ) to take this examination.

20. Neither Jill nor her parents ( have ) seen this movie before.

Exercise 4 : Articles

1. He Jason’s father bought him [ a ]bicycle that he had wanted for his brithday.

2. [ a ] Statue of Liberty was a gift of friendship from [ a ] France to [ the ] United States.

3. Rita is studiying [ an ] English and [ a ] math this semester.

4. [ The ] judge ask witness to tell [ a ] truth.

5. Please give me­­ [ a ]cup of [ the ] coffe with [ a ] cream and [ a ] sugar.

6. [ A ] big books on [ the ] table are for my history class.

7. No one in [ a ] Spanish class knew [ the ] correct answer to [ the ] Mrs. Perez’s question.

8. My [ a ] car is four years old and it still runs well.

9. When you go to [ the ] store, please buy [ a ] bottle of [ the ] chocolate milk and [ a ] dozen oranges.

10. There are only [ a ] few seats left for [ a ] tonight’s musical at [ the ] university.

11. John and Marcy went to [ the ] school yesterday and then studied in [ the ] library before returning home.

12. [ A ] Lake Erie is one of [ the ] five Great Lake in [ the ] North America.

13. On our trip to [ the ] Spain, we crossed [ the ] Atlantic Ocean.

14. [ A ] Mount Rushmore is the site of [ the ] magnificent tribute to [ the ] four great American president.

15. What did you eat for [ a ] breakfast this morning.

16. Louie played [ a ] basketball and [ a ] baseball at [ the ] Boy’s Club this year.

17. Rita plays [ a ] violin and her sister plays [ a ] guitar.

18. While we were in [ the ] Alaska, we saw [ the ] Eskimo village.

19. Phil can’t go to [ the ] movies tonight because he has to write [ an] essay.

20. David attended [ the ] Princeton University.

21. Haryy has been admitted to [ the ] School of Medicine at [ the ] midwestern university.

22. Mel’s grandmother is in [ the ] hospital, so we went to visit her [ the ] last night.

23. [ The ] polotical science class is taking [ a ] trip to [ the ] Soviet Union in [ the ] spiring.

24. [ The ] Queen Elizabeth II is [ a ] monarch of [ the ] Great Britain.

25. [ the ] Declaration of Independence was drawn up in 1776.

26. Scientists hope to send [ an ] expedition to [ a ] Mars during [ the ] 1980s.

27. Last night there was [ a ] bird singing outside my house.

28. [ The ] chair that you are sitting in is broken.

29. [ A ] Civil War was fought in [ the ] United States between 1861 and 1865.

30. [ The ] Florida State University is smaller than [ a ] University of Florida.

Exercise 10 : Subject-Verb Agreement

1. John, along with twenty friends, (are) planning a party.

2. The picture of the soldiers ( bring ) back many memories.

3. The quality of these recordings ( are ) not very good.

4. If the duties of these officers ( aren’t ) reduced, there will not be enough time to finish the project.

5. The effect of cigarette smoking ( have ) been proven to be extremely harmful.

6. The use of credit cards in place of cash ( has ) increased rapidly in recent years.

7. Advertisement on television ( are ) becoming more competitive than ever before.

8. Living expenses in this country, as well as in many others, ( is ) at an all-time high.

9. Mr. Jones, accompanied by several members of the committee, ( has ) proposed some changes of the rules.

10. The level of intoxication ( varies ) from subject to subject.

Balanced Scorecard perspectiv

Balanced Sorecard a group of integrated performance measuresderived from corporate strategy and supports the company'sstrategy throughout the organization. A strategy is primarily a theoryabout how to achieve organizational goals. In the BalancedScorecard approach, top management outlined its strategy intoperformance benchmarks so that employees understand and canimplement strategies to achieve these things (Wijaya, 2003: 3)

Balance Scorecard should describe the company's strategy,starting with the long-term financial goals, and then hooking up withvarious sequences of actions to be taken with regard to thefinancial, customer, internal business processes, and workers as well as systems to produce long-term economic performance of a cool company. There is a kind of agreement that the framework of aBalanced Scorecard consists of at least four general perspectives,namely financial, customer, internal business processes and learning and growth.

sumber : peneltian ilmiah "Analisis Kinerja Perusahaan dengan Menggunakan Metode Balanced Scorecard (BSC) pada PT. Bank Rakyat Indonesia. Tbk

Balanced Scorecard definition

Balanced Scorecard consists of two words and the Balanced Scorecard.

The Balanced Scorecard some sense according to some experts:

a. According to Kaplan and Norton (1996) The Balanced Scorecard consists of two words, namely:

Scorecard: It is the card used to record the score results of the performance of a person that will be used to compare with actual performance results.

Balanced: Indicates that the personnel or employee performance is measured in a balanced and considered from two aspects, namely the financial and non financial, short term and long-term and in terms of internal and external.

b. According to Yuwono et al (2003: 8)

Balanced Scorecard is a management system, measurement, and control the rapid, accurate and comprehensive to provide insight to managers about business performance. Performance measurement are looking at the business unit from four perspectives, namely financial perspective, customer perspective, internal business process perspective and learning and growth perspective.

c. According to Govindarajan (2003: 151)

Balanced Scorecard is a tool to see clearly the organization, enhance communication, establish organizational goals and feedback to the strategy.

d. According to Hansen and Mowen (2006: 521)

Balanced Scorecard is a strategic management system that translates the vision and strategy into operational size objectives.

e. According to Vincent Gasperz (2002: 9) in his book entitled "The Balanced Scorecard with six sigma" points out:

Balanced scorecard is a performance measurement system management or strategic management system derived from the vision and strategies and reflect the most important aspects of a business.

f. According to Widjaja Single Amin (2002: 1) in his book entitled "Understanding the concept of Balanced Scorecard" is as follows:

Balanced Scorecard is an integrated set of performance measures derived from corporate strategy to support the overall corporate strategy

Some understanding of the above can be concluded that the Balanced Scorecard is a management measure that is able to implement the organization's strategic goals of the organization through four basic perspectives (financial, customer, internal business processes, and growth), with the aim of improving organizational performance in the long run.

Kaplan and Norton (2000) mentions that the Balanced Scorecard is a management system to implement strategy, measure performance not only in terms of money alone but also involve non-financial side, as well as to communicate the vision, strategy, and expected performance. In other words, performance measurement is not done solely for the short term, but also for the long term. So that an organization uses the Balanced Scorecard measurement focus in order to produce a variety of critical management processes, namely:

a. Translating Vision and Mission

To determine the size of the company's performance, the organization's vision translated into goals and objectives. Vision is a picture of the conditions that will be realized by the organization in the future which is usually expressed in a declaration or a few short sentences. To realize the conditions described in the vision, the company needs to formulate a strategy. A goal is a condition of the company that will be realized in the future and is a further elaboration of the vision of the company which became one of the basis for the formulation of a strategy to formulate it. In the strategic planning process, this goal is translated into strategic objectives with measures of achievement.

b. Communication and Relationships

Balanced scorecard to show each employee what the company is to achieve what the wishes of shareholders and consumers for the purpose of the required performance of a good employee.Therefore, the balanced scorecard showing the overall strategy that consists of three activities, namely Comunicating and Educating, Setting Goals and Linking Reward to Performance Measures

c. Business Plan

The business plan allows organizations to integrate the business plan and financial plan. Almost all organizations currently implementing a wide range of programs that have the advantages of each competing with each other. These circumstances make it difficult to integrate the manager of the ideas that emerged and different in every department. However, by using the balanced scorecard as a basis for allocating resources and set up which is more important to be prioritized, will move in the direction of the company's long-term goals as a whole.

d. Feedback and Learning

The fourth process will provide the company's strategic learning.With the balanced scorecard as a central system of the company, the company can monitor both what has been produced by the company in the short term, of which there are three pespektif namely: customers, internal business processes and learning and growth to be used as feedback in evaluating the strategy.

The concept of Balanced Scorecard is a concept of performance measurement that provides a comprehensive framework to translate the vision into the strategic goals of a comprehensive strategic.Sasaran it can be formulated into Balanced scorecard, Balanced scorecard for using the four perspectives are interrelated to one another and can not be dipisahkan.Keempat juaga a perspective of performance measurement indicators that are complementary and mutually causal relationship. (Mulyadi, 2001: 7)

sumber : penelitian ilmiah "Analisis Kinerja Perusahaan dengan Menggunakan Metode Balanced Scorecard (BSC) pada PT. Bank Rakyat Indonesia. Tbk"

History of the Balanced Scorecard

At first, the balanced scorecard is intended to improve executive performance measurement system. Prior to the 1990's executiveperformance is measured only from the financial aspect,consequently the focus of attention and effort devoted to realizingthe executive over financial performance and the tendency to ignorenon-financial performance

Balanced scorecard initially created to address the problem ofweakness of the executive kinera measurement system that focuses on financial aspects. Then the concept was developed to complement the financial and performance measurement toolssenbagai organisasai quite important for companies to do new thinking in the era of business competition and the effectivenessorganisasai. Balanced scorecard introduced the concept of acorporate performance measurement system using criteria that the elaboration of a strategic vision of the company are classified into four perspectives that can facilitate decision making.

Perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard consists of a financial perspective, customer perspective, business process perspectiveand the perspective pembelanjaran and growth. These four perspectives offer a balance (Balance) between short and long termgoals, the results (outcomes) are used, and the driver of the work(performance drive) from the results, as well as benchmarks thathard (hard objective measure) and the softer benchmarks andsubjective

sumber : peneltian ilmiah "Analisis Kinerja Perusahaan dengan Menggunakan Metode Balanced Scorecard (BSC) pada PT. Bank Rakyat Indonesia. Tbk"